反差 twitter 论语11 先进篇第十一
论 反差 twitter反差 twitter 语反差 twitter
先进篇第十一
成人电影院
本篇共有26章,其中有名的词句有:“未能事东说念主,焉能事鬼?”“未知生,焉知死”;“有过之而无不足”等。这一篇中包括孔子对弟子们的评价,并以此为例证据“有过之而无不足”的中和念念想;学习多样学问与日后仕进的干系;孔子对待鬼神、存一火问题的格调。终末一章里,孔子和他的学生们各述其志向,反应出孔子政治念念想上的倾向。
11•1 子曰:“先进(1)于礼乐,野东说念主(2)也;后进(3)于礼乐,正人(4)也。如用之,则吾从先进。”
【注视】
(1)先进:指先学习礼乐此后再仕进的东说念主。
(2)野东说念主:朴素蛮横的东说念主或指乡野黎民。
(3)后进:先仕进后学习礼乐的东说念主。
(4)正人:这里指总揽者。
【译文】
孔子说:“先学习礼乐此后再仕进的东说念主,是(底本莫得爵禄的)黎民;先当了官然后再学习礼乐的东说念主,是正人。淌若要先用东说念主才,那我目标选定先学习礼乐的东说念主。”
【评析】
在西周时间,东说念主们因社会地位和居住地的不同,就有了贵族、黎民和乡野之东说念主的辞别。孔子这里合计,那些先当官,即底本就有爵禄的东说念主,在为官过去,莫得禁受礼乐学问的系统教训,还不知说念怎样为官,便当上了官。这么的东说念主是不可选定的。而那些本来莫得爵禄的黎民,他们在当官过去照旧全面系统地学习了礼乐学问,然后就知说念怎样为官,怎样当一个好官。
11•2 子曰:“从我于陈、蔡(1)者,王人不足门(2)也。”
【注视】
(1)陈、蔡:均为国名。
(2)不足门:门,这里指受教的阵势。不足门,是说不在跟前受教。
【译文】
孔子说:“曾扈从我从陈国到蔡地去的学生,当前都不在我身边受教了。”
【评析】
公元前489年,孔子和他的学生从陈国到蔡地去。途中,他们被陈国的东说念主们所包围,绝粮7天,好多学生饿得不成行走。那时扈从他的学生有子路、子贡、颜渊等东说念主。公元前484年,孔子回鲁国以后,子路、子贡等先后离开了他,颜回也死了。是以,孔子频繁想念他们。这句话,就反应了孔子的这种情绪。
11•3 德行(1):颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓。言语(2):宰我、子贡。政治(3):冉有、季路。体裁(4):子游、子夏。
【注视】
(1)德行:指能实行孝悌、忠恕等说念德。
(2)言语:指善于辞令,能办理酬酢。
(3)政治:指能从事政治事务。
(4)体裁:指灵历本礼乐等古代文件。
【译文】
德行好的有:颜渊、闵子骞、冉伯牛、仲弓。善于辞令的有:宰我、子贡。擅长政治的有:冉有、季路。绽放文件学问的有:子游、子夏。
11•4 子曰:“回也非助我者也,于吾言无所不说。”
【译文】
孔子说:“颜回不是对我有匡助的东说念主,他对我说的话莫得不心悦诚服的。”
【评析】
颜回是孔子惬心门生之一,在孔子眼前遥远是服服贴贴、顶礼跪拜的,关于孔子的学说笃信不疑、全面禁受。是以,孔子屡次赞赏颜回。这里,孔子说颜回“非助我者”,并不是评论颜回,而是在惬心肠支柱他。
11•5 子曰:“孝哉闵子骞!东说念主不间(1)于其父母昆(2)弟之言。”
【注视】
(1)间:驳诘、月旦、抉剔。
(2)昆:哥哥,兄长。
【译文】
孔子说:“闵子骞确切孝顺呀!东说念主们关于他的父母昆仲传颂他的话,莫得什么异议。”
11•6 南容三复白圭(1),孔子以其兄之子妻之。
【注视】
(1)白圭:白圭指《诗经•大雅•抑之》的诗句:“白圭之玷,尚可磨也,斯兰之玷,不可为也”有趣是白玉上的瑕玷还不错磨掉,咱们言论中有错误,就无法营救了。这是申饬东说念主们要严慎我方的言语。
【译文】
南容反复朗诵“白圭之玷,尚可磨也;斯言不玷,不可为也。”的诗句。孔子把侄女嫁给了他。
【评析】
儒家从孔子启动,致力暴戾“慎言”,不该说的话满盈不说。因为,白玉被混浊了,还不错把它磨去,而说错了的话,则无法营救。但愿东说念主们言语要严慎。这里,孔子把我方的侄女嫁给了南容,标明他很玩赏南容的慎言。
11•7 季康子问:“弟子孰为勤学?”孔子对曰:“有颜回者勤学,灾难短寿死矣,今也则一火。”
【译文】
季康子问孔子:“你的学生中谁是勤学的?”孔子恢复说:“有一个叫颜回的学生很勤学,灾难短寿死了。当前再也莫得像他那样的了。”
11•8 颜渊死,颜路(1)请子之车以为之椁(2)。子曰:“才在下,亦各言其子也。鲤(3)也死,有棺而无椁。吾不徒行以为之椁。以吾从医生之后(4),不可徒行也。”
【注视】
(1)颜路:“颜无繇(yóu),字路,颜渊的父亲,亦然孔子的学生,生于公元前545年。
(2)椁:音guǒ,古东说念主所用棺材,内为棺,外为椁。
(3)鲤:孔子的男儿,字伯鲁,死时50岁,孔子70岁。
(4)从医生之后:扈从在医生们的后头,意即当过医生。孔子在鲁国曾任司寇,是医生一级的官员。
【译文】
颜渊死了,(他的父亲)颜路申请孔子卖掉车子,给颜渊买个外椁。孔子说:“(天然颜渊和鲤)一个有才一个无才,但各自都是我方的男儿。孔鲤死的技巧,亦然有棺无椁。我莫得卖掉我方的车子走路而给他买椁。因为我还扈从在医生之后,是不不错走路的。”
【评析】
颜渊是孔子的惬心门生。孔子屡次高度传颂颜渊,合计他有很好的品德,又勤学上进。颜渊死了,他的父亲颜路请孔子卖掉我方的车子,给颜渊买椁。尽管孔子十分悲悼,但他却不肯意卖掉车子。因为他也曾担任过医生一级的官员,而医生必须有我方的车子,不成走路,不然就抵牾了礼的规定。这一章反应了孔子对礼的严谨格调。
11•9 颜渊死,子曰:“噫!天丧予!天丧予!”
【译文】
颜渊死了,孔子说:“唉!是老天爷真要我的命呀!是老天爷真要我的命呀!”
11•10 颜渊死,子哭之恸(1)。从者曰:“子恸矣。”曰:“有恸乎?非夫(2)东说念主之为恸而谁为?”
【注视】
(1)恸:哀伤过度,过于悲悼。
(2)夫:音fú,指点代词,此处指颜渊。
【译文】
颜渊死了,孔子哭得极其悲悼。扈从孔子的东说念主说:“您悲悼过度了!”孔子说:“是太悲伤过度了吗?我不为这个东说念主悲伤过度,又为谁呢?”
11•11 颜渊死,门东说念主欲厚葬(1)之,子曰:“不可。”门东说念主厚葬之。子曰:“回也视予犹父也,予不得视犹子也(2)。非我也,夫(3)二三子也。”
【注视】
(1)厚葬:恢弘地安葬。
(2)予不得视犹子也:我不成把他当亲生男儿一样看待。
(3)夫:语助词。
【译文】
颜渊死了,孔子的学生们想要恢弘地安葬他。孔子说:“不成这么作念。”学生们仍然恢弘地安葬了他。孔子说:“颜回把我当父亲一样看待,我却不成把他当亲生男儿一样看待。这不是我的异常,是那些学生们干的呀。”
【评析】
孔子说:“予不得视犹子也”,这句话的有趣是,不成像对待我方亲生的男儿那样,按照礼的规定,对他给予安葬。他的学生仍恢弘地下葬了颜渊,孔子说,这不是我方的异常,而是学生们作念的。这仍是标明孔子顺从礼的原则,即使是在厚葬颜渊的问题上,仍是如斯。
11•12 季路问事鬼神。子曰:“未能事东说念主,焉能事鬼?”曰:“敢问死。”曰:“未知生,焉知死?”
【译文】
季路问怎样去事奉鬼神。孔子说:“没能事奉好东说念主,如何能事奉鬼呢?”季路说:“指示死是如何回事?”(孔子恢复)说:“还不知说念辞世的有趣,如何能知说念死呢?”
【评析】
孔子这里讲的“事东说念主”,指事奉君父。在君父辞世的技巧,淌若不成尽忠尽孝,君父身后也就谈不上贡献鬼神,他但愿东说念主们概况忠君孝父。本章标明了孔子在鬼神、存一火问题上的基本格调,他不信鬼神,也不把留神力放在下世,或身后的情形上,在君父生前要尽忠尽孝,至于对待鬼神就无谓多提了。这一章为他所说的“敬鬼神而远之”作念了注脚。
11•13 闵子侍侧,訚訚(1)如也;子路,行行(2)如也;冉有、子贡,侃侃(3)如也。子乐。“若由也,不得其死然。”
【注视】
(1)訚訚:音yín,菩萨低眉的形貌。
(2)行行:音hàng,刚强的形貌。
(3)侃侃:谈话直截了当。
【译文】
闵子骞侍立在孔子身旁,一片和悦而情切的形貌;子路是一副刚强的形貌;冉有、子贡是善良振作的形貌。孔子欢乐了。但孔子又说:“像仲由这么,只怕天诛地灭吧!”
【评析】
子路这个东说念主楞头楞脑,尽管他卓绝刚强。孔子一方面为他的这些学生各有特长而欢乐,但又牵记子路,或许他不会有好的着力。师之爱生,东说念主之常情。孔子的这种牵记,就证据了这少许。
11•14 鲁东说念主(1)为长府(2)。闵子骞曰:“仍旧贯(3),如之何?何须改作?”子曰:“夫东说念主(4)不言,因事为制。”
【注视】
(1)鲁东说念主:这里指鲁国确当权者。这即是东说念主和民的区别。
(2)为长府:为,这里是改建的有趣。藏财货、刀兵等的仓库叫“府”,长府是鲁国的国库名。
(3)仍旧贯:贯:事,例。复陈腐形貌。
(4)夫东说念主:夫,音fú,这个东说念主。
【译文】
鲁国翻修长府的国库。闵子骞说念:“照老形貌下去,如何样?何须改建呢?”孔子说念:“这个东说念主平日不大启齿,一启齿就说到重要上。”
11•15 子曰:“由之瑟(1)奚为于丘之门(2)?”门东说念主不敬子路。子曰:“由也升堂矣,未入于室(3)也。”
【注视】
(1)瑟:音sè,一种古乐器,与古琴相似。
(2)奚为于丘之门:奚,为什么。为,弹。为什么在我这里弹呢?
(3)升堂入室:堂是正厅,室是内室,用以形色学习进程的浅深。
【译文】
孔子说:“仲由弹瑟,为什么在我这里弹呢?”孔子的学生们因此都不尊敬子路。孔子便说:“仲由嘛,他在学习上照旧达到升堂的进程了,仅仅还莫得入室结束。”
【评析】
这一段翰墨记录了孔子春联路的评价。他先是用评论的语气月旦子路,当其它门东说念主都不尊敬子路时,他便改口说子路照旧登堂尚未入室。这是就演吹打器而言的。孔子对学生的格调应该讲是比拟客不雅的,有收获就表扬,有异常就反对,让学生封闭到我方的不足,同期又诞生起信心,争取更大的收获。
11•16 子贡问:“师与商(1)也孰贤?”子曰:“师也过,商也不足。”曰:“筹议词师愈(2)与?”子曰:“有过之而无不足。”
【注视】
(1)师与商:师,颛孙师,即子张。商,卜商,即子夏。
(2)愈:胜过,强些。
【译文】
子贡问孔子:“子张和子夏二东说念主谁更好一些呢?”孔子恢复说:“子张过份,子夏不足。”子贡说:“那么是子张好一些吗?”孔子说:“过分和不足是一样的。”
【评析】
“有过之而无不足”即中和念念想的具体证据。《中和》说,有过之而无不足为中。“说念之不行也,我知之矣。知者过之,愚者不足也。说念之不解也,我知之矣。贤者过之,不肖者不足也。”“抓其两头,用其中于民,其斯以为舜乎?”这是说,舜于两头取其中,既非过,也非不足,以中玄教授匹夫,是以为大圣。这即是对本章孔子“有过之而无不足”的具体评释。既然子张作念得过份、子夏作念得不足,那么两东说念主都不好,是以孔子对此二东说念主的评价即是:“有过之而无不足”。
11•17 季氏富于周公(1),而求也为之聚敛(2)而附益(3)之。子曰:“非吾徒也。小子鸣饱读而攻之(4)可也。”
【注视】
(1)季氏富于周公:季氏比周朝的公侯还要富足。
(2)聚敛:积存和采集财帛,即搜刮。
(3)益:增多。
【译文】
季氏比周朝的公侯还要富足,而冉求还帮他搜刮来增多他的财帛。孔子说:“他不是我的学生了,你们不错重振旗饱读地去抨击他吧!”
【评析】
鲁国的三家曾于公元前562年将公室,即鲁国国君直辖的地盘和从属于地盘上的奴隶中分,季氏分得三分之一,并用封建的克扣款式取代了奴隶制的克扣款式。公元前537年,三家第二次中分公室,季氏分得四分之二。由于季氏彭胀了新的政治和经济步调,是以很快富了起来。孔子的学生冉求匡助季氏积敛财帛,搜刮东说念主民,是以孔子很起火,示意不承认冉求是我方的学生,况兼让其他学生打着饱读去声讨冉求。
11•18 柴(1)也愚(2),参也鲁(3),师也辟(4),由也喭(5)。
【注视】
(1)柴:高柴,字子羔,孔子学生,比孔子小30岁,公元前521年诞生。
(2)愚:旧注云:愚直之愚,指愚而坦爽,不是傻的有趣。
(3)鲁:鸠拙。
(4)辟:音pì,偏,偏激,邪。
(5)喭:音yàn,随意,蛮横,刚猛。
【译文】
高柴愚直,曾参鸠拙,颛孙师偏激,仲由随意。
【评析】
孔子合计,他的这些学生各有所偏,分歧中行,对他们的品性和德行必须加以更始。这一段相同抒发了孔子的中和念念想。中和是一种折衷调处念念想,调处与折衷是事物发展经由中的一种情景,这种情景是相对的、暂时的。孔子揭示了事物发展经由的这一情景,并抽象为“中和”,这在中国古代封闭史上是有贡献的。
11•19 子曰:“回也其庶(1)乎,屡空(2)。赐不解任,而货殖(3)焉,亿(4)则屡中。”
【注视】
(1)庶:庶几,附进。这里指颜渊的学问说念德接近于完善。
(2)空:发愤、匮乏。
(3)货殖:作念交易。
(4)亿:同“臆”,想到,揣摸。
【译文】
孔子说:“颜回的学问说念德接近于完善了吧,然而他频频发愤。端本赐不听气运的安排,去作念交易,想到行情,频频猜中了。”
【评析】
这一章,孔子对颜回学问说念德接近于完善却在生计上频频发愤深感缺憾。同期,他春联贡不听气运的安排去做生意致富反而感到不悦,这在孔子看来,是极其不公说念的。
11•20 子张问善东说念主(1)之说念,子曰:“不践迹(2),亦不入于室(3)。”
【注视】
(1)善东说念主:指内容和蔼但莫得经过学习的东说念主。
(2)践迹:迹,脚印。踩着前东说念主的脚印走。
(3)入于室:比方学问和教授达到了深通地步。
【译文】
子张问作念善东说念主的要道。孔子说:“淌若不沿着前东说念主的脚印走,其学问和教授就不到家。
11•21 子曰:“论笃是与(1),正人者乎?色庄者乎?”
【注视】
(1)论笃是与:论,言论。笃,教授。与,支柱。有趣是对谈话笃实教授的东说念主示意支柱。
【译文】
孔子说:“听到东说念主谈论笃实教授就示意支柱,但还应看他是信得过人呢?如故伪装郑重的东说念主呢?”
【评析】
孔子但愿他的学生们不但要谈话笃实教授,况兼要说一是一。在第五篇第10章中曾有“听其言而不雅其行”的说法,标明孔子在不雅察别东说念主的技巧,不仅要看他谈话时教授的格调,况兼要看他的行为。说一是一才是信得过人。
11•22 子路问:“闻斯行诸(1)?”子曰:“有父兄在,如之何其闻斯行之?”冉有问:“闻斯行诸?”子曰:“闻斯行之。”公西华曰:“由也问闻斯行诸,子曰,‘有父兄在’;求也问闻斯行诸,子曰,‘闻斯行之’。赤也惑,敢问。”子曰:“求也退,故进之;由也兼东说念主(2),故退之。”
【注视】
(1)诸:“之乎”二字的合音。
(2)兼东说念主:好勇过东说念主。
【译文】
子路问:“听到了就行为起来吗?”孔子说:“有父兄在,如何能听到就行为起来呢?”冉有问:“听到了就行为起来吗?”孔子说:“听到了就行为起来。”公西华说:“仲由问‘听到了就行为起来吗?’你恢复说‘有父兄健在’,冉求问‘听到了就行为起来吗?’你恢复‘听到了就行为起来’。我被弄迷糊了,敢再问个显然。”孔子说:“冉求老是辞让,是以我饱读舞他;仲由好勇过东说念主,是以我约束他。”
【评析】
这是孔子把中和念念想联络于教训推行中的一个具体事例。在这里,他要我方的学生不要辞让,也不要偏抓冒进,要进退适中。是以,关于并吞个问题,孔子针春联路与冉求的不悯恻况作了不同恢复。同期也纯真地反应了孔子教训要道的一个特色,即因材施教。
11•23 子畏于匡,颜渊后。子曰:“吾以女为死矣。”曰:“子在,回何敢死?”
【译文】
孔子在匡地受到当地东说念主围困,颜渊终末才逃出来。孔子说:“我以为你照旧死了呢。”颜渊说:“夫子还辞世,我如何敢死呢?”
11•24 幼子然(1)问:“仲由、冉求可谓大臣与?”子曰:“吾以子为异之问,曾(2)由与求之间。所谓大臣者,以说念事君,不可则止。今由与求也,可谓具臣(3)矣。”曰:“筹议词从之(4)者与?”子曰:“弑父与君,亦不从也。”
【注视】
(1)幼子然:鲁国季氏的同胞东说念主。
(2)曾:乃。
(3)具臣:闲居的臣子。
(4)之:代名词,这里指季氏。那时冉乞降子路都是季氏的家臣。
【译文】
幼子然问:“仲由和冉求不错算是大臣吗?孔子说:“我以为你是问别东说念主,底本是问由和求呀。所谓大臣是概况用周公之说念的条款来事奉君王,淌若这么不行,他本旨下野不干。当前由和求这两个东说念主,只可算是凑数的臣子结束。”幼子然说:“那么他们会一切都随着季氏干吗?”孔子说:“杀父亲、杀君王的事,他们也不会随着干的。”
【评析】
孔子这里指出“以说念事君”的原则,他申饬冉乞降子路应当用周公之说念去劝阻季氏,不要图为不轨,淌若季氏不听,就下野不干。由此可见,孔子对待君臣干系以说念和礼为准绳的。这里,他既条款臣,也条款君,两边都应遵照说念和礼。淌若季氏干杀父杀君的事,冉乞降子路就要加以反对。
11•25 子路使子羔为费宰。子曰:“贼(1)夫东说念主之子(2)。”子路曰:“有民东说念主焉,有社稷(3)焉,何须念书,然后为学?”子曰:“是故恶(4)夫佞者。”
【注视】
(1)贼:害。
(2)夫东说念主之子:指子羔。孔子合计他莫得经过很好的学习就去从政,这会害了他我方的。
(3)社稷:社,地盘神。稷,谷神。这里“社稷”指祭祀地盘神和谷神的所在,即社稷坛。古代国都及各地都树立社稷坛,分别由国君和所在主座主祭,故社稷成为国度政权的标志。
【译文】
子路让子羔去作费地的主座。孔子说:“这险些是害东说念主子弟。”子路说:“阿谁所在有老匹夫,有社稷,解决匹夫和祭祀神灵都是学习,难说念一定要念书才算学习吗?”孔子说:“是以我懊丧那种明推暗就含糊的东说念主。”
11•26 子路、曾皙(1)、冉有、公西华侍坐。子曰:“以吾一日长乎尔,毋吾以也(2)。居(3)则曰:‘不吾知也!’如或知尔,则何故哉(4)?”子路率尔(5)而对曰:“千乘之国,摄(6)乎大国之间,加之以师旅,因之以饥馑,由也为之,等到(7)三年,可使有勇,且知方也(8)。”夫子哂(9)之。“求,尔如何?”对曰:“方六七十(10),如(11)五六十,求也为之,等到三年,可使足民。如其礼乐,以俟正人。”“赤,尔如何?”对曰:“非曰能之,愿学焉。宗庙之事(12),如会同(13),端章甫(14),愿为小相(15)焉。”“点,尔如何?”饱读瑟希(16),铿尔,舍瑟而作(17),对曰:“异乎三子者之撰。”子曰:“何伤乎?亦各言其志也。”曰:“莫(18)春者,春服既成,冠者(19)五六东说念主,孺子六七东说念主,浴乎沂(20),风乎舞雩(21),咏而归。”夫子喟然叹曰:“吾与点也!”三子者出,曾皙后。曾皙曰:“夫三子者之言如何?”子曰:“亦各言其志也罢了。”曰:“夫子何哂由也?”曰:“为国以礼。其言不让,是故哂之。”唯(22)求则非邦也与?”“安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者?”“唯赤则非邦也与?”“宗庙会同,非诸侯而何?赤也为之小,孰能为之大?”
【注视】
(1)曾皙:名点,字子皙,曾参的父亲,亦然孔子的学生。
(2)以吾一日长乎尔,毋以也:天然我比你们的年纪稍长一些,而不敢谈话。
(3)居:平日。
(4)则何故哉:何故,即何故为用。
(5)率尔:璷黫、孔殷。
(6)摄:迫于、夹于。
(7)等到:比,音bì。等到。
(8)方:标的。
(9)哂:音shěn,调侃地浅笑。
(10)方六七十:纵横各六七十里。
(11)如:或者。
(12)宗庙之事:指祭祀之事。
(13)会同:诸侯会见。
(14)瑞章甫:端,古代校服的称号。章甫,古代弁冕的称号。
(15)相:赞礼东说念主,司仪。
(16)希:同“稀”,指弹瑟的速率延缓,节拍慢慢疏淡。
(17)作:站起来。
(18)莫:同“暮”。
(19)冠者:成年东说念主。古代子弟到20岁时行冠礼,示意照旧成年。
(20)浴乎沂:沂,水名,发祥于山东南部,流经江苏北部入海。在水边洗头面昆仲。
(21)舞雩:雩,音yú。地名,原是祭天求雨的所在,在今山东曲阜。
(22)唯:语首词,莫得什么有趣。
【译文】
子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华四个东说念主陪孔子坐着。孔子说:“我年纪比你们大一些,不要因为我年长而不敢说。你们平时总说:‘莫得东说念主了解我呀!’假如有东说念主了解你们,那你们要怎样去作念呢?”子路赶忙恢复:“一个领有一千辆兵车的国度,夹在大国中间,频频受到别的国度骚扰,加上国内又闹饥馑,让我去解决,只有三年,就不错使东说念主们勇敢善战,况兼懂得礼节。”孔子听了,微微一笑。孔子又问:“冉求,你如何样呢?”冉求答说念:国土有六七十里或五六十里见方的国度,让我去解决,三年以后,就不错使匹夫温饱。至于这个国度的礼乐教授,就要等正人来推行了。”孔子又问:“公西赤,你如何样?”公西赤答说念:“我不敢说能作念到,而是愿意学习。在宗庙祭祀的行为中,或者在同异国的盟会中,我愿意穿戴校服,戴着弁冕,作念一个小小的赞礼东说念主。”孔子又问:“曾点,你如何样呢?”这时曾点弹瑟的声息慢慢延缓,接着“铿”的一声,离开瑟站起来,恢复说:“我想的和他们三位说的不一样。”孔子说:“那有什么干系呢?也即是各东说念主讲我方的志向云尔。”曾皙说:“暮春三月,照旧穿上了春天的衣服,我和五六位成年东说念主,六七个少年,去沂河里洗留恋,在舞雩台上吹吹风,沿途唱着歌走追思。”孔子长叹一声说:“我是支柱曾皙的看法的。”子路、冉有、公西华三个东说念主的都出去了,曾皙后走。他问孔子说:“他们三东说念主的话如何样?”孔子说:“也即是各自谈谈我方的志向结束。”曾皙说:“夫子为什么要笑仲由呢?”孔子说:“解决国度要讲礼让,然而他谈话少许也不谦和,是以我笑他。”曾皙又问:“那么是不是冉求讲的不是解决国度呢?”孔子说:“那里见得六七十里或五六十里见方的所在就不是国度呢?”曾皙又问:”公西赤讲的不是解决国度吗?”孔子说:“宗庙祭祀和诸侯会盟,这不是诸侯的事又是什么?像赤这么的东说念主淌若只可作念一个小相,那谁又能作念大相呢?”
【评析】
孔子合计,前三个东说念主的治国要道,都莫得谈到根蒂上。他之是以只惊羡曾点的目标,因为曾点用形象的要道形容了礼乐之治下的气候,体现了“仁”和“礼”的治国原则,这就谈到了根蒂点上。这一章,孔子和他的学生们自述其政治上的抱负,从中不错看出孔子的政解决想。
BOOK XI XIAN JIN
11.1 The Master said, “The men of former times in the matters of ceremonies and music were rustics, it is said, while the men of these latter times, in ceremonies and music, are accomplished gentlemen. If I have occasion to use those things, I follow the men of former times.”
11.2 The Master said, “Of those who were with me in Chen and Cai, there are none to be found to enter my door.”
11.3 Distinguished for their virtuous principles and practice, there were Yan Youan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, and Zhonggong; for their ability in speech, Zai Wo and Zigong; for their administrative talents, Ran You and Ji Lu; for their literary acquirements, Ziyou and Zixia.
11.4 The Master said, “Hui gives me no assistance. There is nothing that I say in which he does not delight.”
11.5 The Master said, “Filial indeed is Min Ziqian! Other people say nothing of him different from the report of his parents and brothers.”
11.6 Nan Rong was frequently repeating the lines about a white scepter stone. Confucius gave him the daughter of his elder brother to wife.
11.7 Ji Kang asked which of the disciples loved to learn. Confucius replied to him, “There was Yan Hui; he loved to learn. Unfortunately his appointed time was short, and he died. Now there is no one who loves to learn, as he did.”
11.8 When Yan Youan died, Yan Lu begged the carriage of the Master to sell and get an outer shell for his son’s coffin. The Master said, “Every one calls his son his son, whether he has talents or has not talents. There was Li; when he died, he had a coffin but no outer shell. I would not walk on foot to get a shell for him, because, having followed in the rear of the great officers, it was not proper that I should walk on foot.”
11.9 When Yan Youan died, the Master said, “Alas! Heaven is destroying me! Heaven is destroying me!”
11.10 When Yan Youan died, the Master bewailed him exceedingly, and the disciples who were with him said, “Master, your grief is excessive!” “Is it excessive?” said he. “If I am not to mourn bitterly for this man, for whom should I mourn?”
11.11 When Yan Youan died, the disciples wished to give him a great funeral, and the Master said, “You may not do so.” The disciples did bury him in great style. The Master said, “Hui behaved towards me as his father. I have not been able to treat him as my son. The fault is not mine; it belongs to you, O disciples.”
11.12 Ji Lu asked about serving the spirits of the dead. The Master said, “While you are not able to serve men, how can you serve their spirits?” Ji Lu added, “I venture to ask about death?” He was answered, “While you do not know life, how can you know about death?”
11.13 The disciple Min was standing by his side, looking bland and precise; Zilu, looking bold and soldierly; Ran You and Zigong, with a free and straightforward manner. The Master was pleased. He said, “You, there! ---- he will not die a natural death.”
11.14 Some parties in Lu were going to take down and rebuild the Long Treasury. Min Ziqian said, “Suppose it were to be repaired after its old style; ---- why must it be altered and made anew?” The Master said, “This man seldom speaks; when he does, he is sure to hit the point.”
11.15 The Master said, “What has the lute of You to do in my door?” The other disciples began not to respect Zilu. The Master said, “You has ascended to the hall, though he has not yet passed into the inner apartments.”
11.16 Zigong asked which of the two, Shi or Shang, was the superior. The Master said, “Shi goes beyond the due mean, and Shang does not come up to it.” “Then,” said Zigong, “the superiority is with Shi, I suppose.” The Master said, “To go beyond is as wrong as to fall short.”
11.17 The head of the Chi family was richer than the duke of Zhou had been, and yet Qiu collected his imposts for him, and increased his wealth. The Master said, “He is no disciple of mine. My little children, beat the drum and assail him.”
11.18 Chai is simple. Shen is dull. Shi is specious. You is coarse.
11.19 The Master said, “There is Hui. He has nearly attained to perfect virtue. He is often in want. Ci does not acquiesce in the appointments of Heaven, and his goods are increased by him. Yet his judgments are often correct.”
11.20 Zizhang asked what were the characteristics of the good man. The Master said, “He does not tread in the footsteps of others, but moreover, he does not enter the chamber of the sage.”
11.21 The Master said, “If, because a man’s discourse appears solid and sincere, we allow him to be a good man, is he really a superior man? or is his gravity only in appearance?”
11.22 Zilu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard. The Master said, “There are your father and elder brothers to be consulted;-why should you act on that principle of immediately carrying into practice what you hear?” Ran You asked the same, whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard, and the Master answered, “Immediately carry into practice what you hear.” Gongxi Hua said, “You asked whether he should carry immediately into practice what he heard, and you said, ’There are your father and elder brothers to be consulted.’ Qiu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard, and you said, ’Carry it immediately into practice.’ I, Chi, am perplexed, and venture to ask you for an explanation.” The Master said, “Qiu is retiring and slow; therefore I urged him forward. You has more than his own share of energy; therefore I kept him back.”
11.23 The Master was put in fear in Kuang and Yan Yuan fell behind. The Master, on his rejoining him, said, “I thought you had died.” Hui replied, “While you were alive, how should I presume to die?”
11.24 Ji Ziran asked whether Zhongyou and Ran Qiu could be called great ministers. The Master said, “I thought you would ask about some extraordinary individuals, and you only ask about You and Qiu!” What is called a great minister, is one who serves his prince according to what is right, and when he finds he cannot do so, retires. “Now, as to You and Qiu, they may be called ordinary ministers.” Ziran said, “Then they will always follow their chief;-win they?” The Master said, “In an act of parricide or regicide, they would not follow him.”
11.25 Zilu got Zigao appointed governor of Fei. The Master said, “You are injuring a man’s son.” Zilu said, “There are, there, common people and officers; there are the altars of the spirits of the land and grain. Why must one read books before he can be considered to have learned?” The Master said, “It is on this account that I hate your glib-tongued people.”
11.26 Zilu, Zeng Xi, Ran You, and Gongxi Hua were sitting by the Master. He said to them, “Though I am a day or so older than you, do not think of that. “From day to day you are saying, ‘We are not known.’ If some ruler were to know you, what would you like to do?” Zilu hastily and lightly replied, “Suppose the case of a state of ten thousand chariots; let it be straitened between other large cities; let it be suffering from invading armies; and to this let there be added a famine in corn and in all vegetables: ---- if I were entrusted with the government of it, in three years’ time I could make the people to be bold, and to recognize the rules of righteous conduct.” The Master smiled at him. Turning to Ran You, he said, “Qiu, what are your wishes?” Qiu replied, “Suppose a state of sixty or seventy li square, or one of fifty or sixty, and let me have the government of it;-in three years’ time, I could make plenty to abound among the people. As to teaching them the principles of propriety, and music, I must wait for the rise of a superior man to do that.” “What are your wishes, Chi,” said the Master next to Gongxi Hua. Chi replied, “I do not say that my ability extends to these things, but I should wish to learn them. At the services of the ancestral temple, and at the audiences of the princes with the sovereign, I should like, dressed in the dark square-made robe and the black linen cap, to act as a small assistant.” Last of all, the Master asked Zeng Xi, “Dian, what are your wishes?” Dian, pausing as he was playing on his lute, while it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and rose. “My wishes,” he said, “are different from the cherished purposes of these three gentlemen.” “What harm is there in that?” said the Master; “do you also, as well as they, speak out your wishes.” Dian then said, “In this, the last month of spring, with the dress of the season all complete, along with five or six young men who have assumed the cap, and six or seven boys, I would wash in the I, enjoy the breeze among the rain altars, and return home singing.” The Master heaved a sigh and said, “I give my approval to Dian.” The three others having gone out, Zeng Xi remained behind, and said, “What do you think of the words of these three friends?” The Master replied, “They simply told each one his wishes.” Xi pursued, “Master, why did you smile at You?” He was answered, “The management of a state demands the rules of propriety. His words were not humble; therefore I smiled at him.” Xi again said, “But was it not a state which Qiu proposed for himself?” The reply was, “Yes; did you ever see a territory of sixty or seventy li or one of fifty or sixty, which was not a state?” Once more, Xi inquired, “And was it not a state which Chi proposed for himself?” The Master again replied, “Yes; who but princes have to do with ancestral temples, and with audiences but the sovereign? If Chi were to be a small assistant in these services, who could be a great one?